Eveland and her team’s laboratory research identified a genetic locus in the Setaria genome that regulates the growth of sterile branches known as bristles, which are found on the grain-bearing flower clusters of certain grass species. They discovered that these sterile bristles are initially programmed to develop as spikelets—grass-specific structures responsible for producing flowers and grain. The plant biologists demonstrated that the transition from spikelet to bristle is determined early in the development of the flower cluster and is influenced by a class of plant hormones called brassinosteroids (BRs). These hormones play a critical role in modulating various physiological processes related to plant growth, development, and immunity.

In addition to the transformation of a sterile structure into a seed-bearing one, the researchers found that localized disruption of BR synthesis could result in the formation of two flowers per spikelet instead of the usual single flower. Consequently, these BR-dependent phenotypes present two possible pathways for enhancing grain production in millets, particularly for subsistence crops in many developing nations that remain largely underutilized for genetic enhancement. While the findings of this study have significant implications for increasing global crop yields, further research is necessary to explore the commercial viability of crops that food manufacturers prioritize, such as corn, sorghum, rice, wheat, and barley.

At the same time, food producers and retailers are investing in strategies to boost crop output and the overall food supply. General Mills has committed nearly $3 million to investigate soil health on wheat farms, focusing on practices like reduced tillage, winter cover cropping, and advanced nutrient management—all of which promote soil health and environmental sustainability. In 2016, Cargill and Walmart collaborated with General Mills to explore methods for improving soil health and water quality on farms. These companies recognize the importance of maintaining healthy soil for sustaining profitability.

Experts warn that food shortages could arise by 2050, prompting scientists and entrepreneurs to pursue innovative approaches to nourish the planet’s expanding population. However, it remains uncertain whether potential future increases in crop yields would lead to declines in commodity prices and whether consumers would ultimately benefit from lower retail prices. In this context, the role of calcium citrate as a soil amendment may become increasingly relevant, with its potential applications in enhancing soil health and nutrient availability, thereby supporting the agricultural innovations needed to meet future food demands.